Macleaya cordata extract improves growth performance, immune responses and anti-inflammatory capacity in neonatal piglets.

Macleaya cordata was a kind of traditional herbal medicine, which may a potential substitute for antibiotics. However, the effects of Macleaya cordata on neonatal piglets have rarely been reported. In this study, three groups were designed, including normal saline (Control group, CON), 8 mg/mL Macleaya cordata extract (MCE group, MCE) and 5 mg/mL Chlortetracycline Hydrochloride (CCH group, CCH), to investigate the effects of MCE on growth performance, blood parameters, inflammatory cytokines, regenerating islet-derived 3 gamma (REG3γ) expression and the transcriptomes of neonatal piglets. The results showed that, compared with the control group, MCE significantly increased the average daily gain (p < 0.01); spleen index (p < 0.05) contents of IL-10, TGF-ß, IgG in serum and sIgA in the ileum mucus of neonatal piglets at 7 d and 21 d (p < 0.01). The diarrhoea incidence and serum TNF-α and IFN-γ contents of neonatal piglets at 7 d and 21 d were significantly decreased (p < 0.01). In addition, MCE significantly increased the mRNA expression of TGF-ß, IL-10, and REG3γ (p < 0.01) and significantly decreased the mRNA expression of IL-33, TNF-α and IFN-γ in the ileal mucosa of neonatal piglets at 21 d (p < 0.01). The differentially expressed genes and the signal pathways, related to cytokine generation and regulation, immunoregulation and inflammation were identified. In conclusion, MCE can significantly improve growth performance, reduce diarrhoea incidence, relieve inflammation, improve immune function, and improve disease resistance in neonatal piglets. MCE can be used as a potential substitute for antibiotics in neonatal piglets.

Efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants versus low-molecular-weight heparin for thromboprophylaxis after cancer surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) used as an alternative to low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) for thromboprophylaxis after cancer surgery for venous thromboembolic events (VTE) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of DOACs versus LMWH in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search of EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Web of Science was carried out and included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies that directly compared DOACs with LMWH for thromboprophylaxis in patients after cancer surgery through July 25, 2023. The primary efficacy and safety outcomes were VTE, major bleeding, and clinically relevant non-major bleeding (CRNMB) within 30 days of surgery. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB2) tool for RCTs and ROBINS-I tool for non-randomized studies. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023445386). RESULTS: We retrieved 5149articles, selected 27 for eligibility, and included 10 studies (three RCTs and seven observational studies) encompassing 3054 patients who underwent postoperative thromboprophylaxis with DOACs (41%) or LMWH (59%). Compared to LMWH thromboprophylaxis, DOACs had a comparable risk of VTE (RR:0.69[95% CI:0.46-1.02], I2 = 0%), major bleeding (RR:1.55 [95% CI:0.82-2.93], I2 = 2%), and CRNMB (RR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.4-1.98], I2 = 31%) during the 30-day postoperative period. Subgroup analysis of VTE and major bleeding suggested no differences according to study type, extended thromboprophylaxis, tumor types, or different types of DOAC. CONCLUSION: DOACs are potentially effective alternatives to LMWH for thromboprophylaxis in patients undergoing cancer surgery, without increasing the risk of major bleeding events.

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) versus low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) for extended thromboprophylaxis following major abdominal/pelvic cancer-related surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) as an alternative to low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) for extended thromboprophylaxis of abdominal/pelvic cancer-related postoperative thromboembolism (VTE) is unclear. We aim to investigate the efficacy and safety of DOACs vs. LMWH in these patients. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted using EMBASE, MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and Web of science through May 19th, 2023 for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies that compared the outcomes with DOACs vs. LMWH for extended thromboprophylaxis among patients undergoing abdominal/pelvic cancer surgery. Primary efficacy outcome was clinical VTE, and safety outcome was clinically relevant bleeding complications reported within the 30-day postoperative period. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023413175). RESULTS: We identified 5078 articles and selected 29 full-text articles for eligibility. A total of 9 studies (2 RCTs and 7 observational studies) encompassing 2651 patients were included for systematic review and 7 for meta-analysis. When compared with LMWH extended thromboprophylaxis, DOACs had a similar incidence of VTE (RR: 0.65 [95% CI: 0.32-1.33], I2 = 0%), major bleeding (RR: 1.68 [95% CI: 0.36-7.9], I2 = 26%), and clinically relevant non-major bleeding (RR: 0.68 [95% CI: 0.39-1.19], I2 = 0%). Subgroup analysis suggested no difference according to the study type (RCTs versus observational studies) regarding clinical VTE or major bleeding (Pinteraction = 0.43 and Pinteraction = 0.71, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that DOACs for extended thromboprophylaxis were an effective and safe alternative to LMWH after major abdominal/pelvic cancer-related surgery.

Lidocaine induces neurotoxicity in spinal cord neurons in Goto-Kakizaki rats via AMPK-mediated mitophagy.

OBJECTIVE: Lidocaine has been reported to induce neurotoxicity, which is further enhanced by high glucose levels. This study is aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms of lidocaine neurotoxicity in spinal cord neurons of diabetes. METHODS: Take thirty specific pathogen-free (SPF) healthy Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and thirty Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, aged 12 weeks, weighing 180-200 g. The spinal cord neurons of rats were isolated and cultured in vitro. Cell Counting Kit-8 was used to detect cell proliferation to determine the appropriate concentration and duration of lidocaine. Mitochondrial function was assessed using ATP content, cellular oxygen consumption rate, mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS production, and mitochondrial ultrastructure. Western blot was applied to detect the expression of autophagy- and mitophagy-related molecules PINK1, p-AMPK, LC-3II/LC3-I ratio and mTORC1. Immunofluorescent staining was used to detect the expression of PINK1 and LC3. RESULTS: Lidocaine decreased cell viability of spinal cord neurons in concentration- and time-dependent manners. And lidocaine treatment aggravated mitochondrial dysfunction in GK rats. Furthermore, mitophagy was activated in diabetes, and lidocaine exposure up-regulated mitophagy. AMPK activator MK8722 aggravated mitochondrial damage, increased the expression of PINK1, p-AMPK, LC-3II/LC3-I ratio, and decreased the expression of mTORC1, while AMPK inhibitor Compound C and autophagy inhibitor Bafilomycin A1 reduced mitochondrial damage and decreased the expression of PINK1, p-AMPK, LC-3II/LC3-I ratio, and increased the expression of mTORC1. CONCLUSIONS: Lidocaine induced neurotoxicity of spinal cord neurons in GK rats via AMPK-mediated mitophagy.

Intraoperative Radiotherapy as a Tumour-Bed Boost Combined with Whole Breast Irradiation Versus Conventional Radiotherapy in Patients with Early-Stage Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: There is no definitive answer regarding the efficacy of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) as a tumour bed boost for patients with early-stage breast cancer. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to summarise the available evidence and explore the efficacy and safety of IORT combined with whole breast irradiation (WBI) versus conventional radiotherapy in women with early-stage breast cancer who underwent breast-conserving surgery. METHODS: The PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to December 31, 2022. We collected studies on the efficacy, cosmetic outcome, and safety of IORT boost combined with WBI compared with those of conventional radiotherapy in patients with early-stage breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery. Two authors independently performed the literature selection and data extraction. The quality of the randomised, controlled trials (RCTs) was assessed according to the PEDro scale. The quality of non-RCTs was assessed according to the Methodological Index for Non-Randomised Studies. Risk ratios (RRs) for the local recurrence rate (LRR), distant metastasis rate (DMR), disease-free survival (DFS), cosmetic outcome, and toxicity were pooled using fixed or random effects models. Meta-analysis of the included studies was performed by using RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS: Nine studies, including one RCT and eight non-RCTs, with a total of 3219 patients were included. In terms of LRR, there was no significant benefit of IORT boost+WBI over conventional radiotherapy (with or without the tumour bed boost) (RR = 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.54-1.09, P = 0.14), but a trend towards benefit could be identified. There was a significant reduction in DMR in the IORT boost+WBI group (RR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.46-0.85, P = 0.003) and a significant improvement in DFS (RR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.25-0.65, P = 0.0002). Exploratory subgroup analysis showed that the DMR and DFS of the electron boost group were significantly better than those of conventional radiotherapy group, and there was a tendency for LRR to improve in the electron boost group. However, the LRR, DMR, and DFS did not effectively improve in the x-ray boost group. In terms of appearance and toxicity, there were no significant differences in cosmetic outcome, fibrosis, and hyperpigmentation between the two groups (RR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.91-1.07, P = 0.78; RR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.41-2.56, P = 0.96; RR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.10-1.72, P = 0.23), but the incidence of oedema was significantly reduced in the IORT boost+WBI group (RR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.13-0.59, P = 0.0009). CONCLUSIONS: IORT boost+WBI is more effective than conventional radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery in patients with early-stage breast cancer, and electron boost exhibits better efficacy than x-ray boost. In addition, the cosmetic and safety profiles of IORT boost+WBI are not inferior to those of conventional radiotherapy.

Current Knowledge on Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease in China.

Epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) is an infectious, non-contagious viral disease of ruminants caused by epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) and is transmitted by insects of the genus Culicoides. In 2008, EHD was listed on the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) list of notifiable terrestrial and aquatic animal diseases. This article reviews the distribution of EHD in China and relevant studies and proposes several suggestions for the prevention and control of EHD. There have been reports of positivity for serum antibodies against EHDV-1, EHDV-2, EHDV-5, EHDV-6, EHDV-7, EHDV-8 and EHDV-10 in China. Strains of EHDV-1, -5, -6, -7, -8 and -10 have been isolated, among which the Seg-2, Seg-3 and Seg-6 sequences of serotypes -5, -6, -7 and -10 belong to the eastern topotype. The emergence of western topotype Seg-2 in EHDV-1 strains indicates that EHDV-1 strains in China are reassortant strains of the western and eastern topotypes. A novel serotype strain of EHDV named YNDH/V079/2018 was isolated in 2018. Chinese scholars have successfully expressed the EHDV VP7 protein and developed a variety of ELISA detection methods, including antigen capture ELISA and competitive ELISA. A variety of EHDV nucleic acid detection methods, including RT-PCR and qRT-PCR, have also been developed. LAMP and the liquid chip detection technique are also available. To prevent and control EHD, several suggestions for controlling EHD transmission have been proposed based on the actual situation in China, including controlling the number of Culicoides, reducing contact between Culicoides and hosts, continued monitoring of EHDV and Culicoides in different areas of China and further development and application of basic and pioneering research related to EHD prevention and control.

Gibberellins promote polar auxin transport to regulate stem cell fate decisions in cambium.

Vascular cambium contains bifacial stem cells, which produce secondary xylem to one side and secondary phloem to the other. However, how these fate decisions are regulated is unknown. Here we show that the positioning of an auxin signalling maximum within the cambium determines the fate of stem cell daughters. The position is modulated by gibberellin-regulated, PIN1-dependent polar auxin transport. Gibberellin treatment broadens auxin maximum from the xylem side of the cambium towards the phloem. As a result, xylem-side stem cell daughter preferentially differentiates into xylem, while phloem-side daughter retains stem cell identity. Occasionally, this broadening leads to direct specification of both daughters as xylem, and consequently, adjacent phloem-identity cell reverts to being stem cell. Conversely, reduced gibberellin levels favour specification of phloem-side stem cell daughter as phloem. Together, our data provide a mechanism by which gibberellin regulates the ratio of xylem and phloem production.

Long non-coding RNA MEG3 alleviates postoperative cognitive dysfunction by suppressing inflammatory response and oxidative stress via has-miR-106a-5p/SIRT3.

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), a neurological complication after surgery, is common among the elderly in particular. Maternal expression gene 3 (MEG3) is a novel long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that contributes to glial cell activation and inflammation. We aim to further explore its role in POCD. Mice were induced with sevoflurane anesthesia and underwent orthopedic surgery to establish a POCD model. BV-2 microglia activation was induced by lipopolysaccharide. The overexpressed lentiviral plasmid lv-MEG3 and its control were injected into mice. pcDNA3.1-MEG3, has-miR-106a-5p mimic, and its negative control were transfected into BV-2 cells. The expressions of has-miR-106a-5p MEG3 and Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) in rat hippocampus and BV-2 cells were quantitatively detected. Levels of SIRT3, TNF-α, and IL-1ß were detected by western blot, levels of TNF-α and IL-1ß by ELISA, and expression of GSH-Px, SOD, and MDA by kits. The targeting relationship between MEG3 and has-miR-106a-5p was confirmed using bioinformatics and dual-luciferase reporter assay. LncRNA MEG3 was down-regulated in POCD mice, whereas has-miR-106a-5 levels were up-regulated. Overexpression of MEG3 could attenuate cognitive dysfunction and inflammatory response in POCD mice, inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress in BV-2 cells, and promote has-miR-106a through competitive binding with has-miR-106a-5-5 expression of target gene SIRT3. Overexpression of has-miR-106a-5p had a reverse effect on overexpression of MEG3 functioning on lipopolysaccharide-induced BV-2 cells. LncRNA MEG3 could inhibit the inflammatory response and oxidative stress via has-miR-106a-5p/SIRT3, thereby reducing POCD, which might be a potential biological target for the diagnosis and treatment of clinical POCD.

Recent findings on miR­370 expression, regulation and functions in cancer (Review).

MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are a group of small non­coding RNAs that serve as post­transcriptional gene modulators. miRNAs have been demonstrated to serve a pivotal role in carcinogenesis and the dysregulated expression of miRNAs is a well­understood characteristic of cancer. In recent years, miR­370 has been established as a key miRNA in various cancers. The expression of miR­370 is dysregulated in various types of cancer and varies markedly across different tumor types. miR­370 can regulate multiple biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, as well as cell cycle progression and cell stemness. Moreover, it has been reported that miR­370 affects the response of tumor cells to anticancer treatments. Additionally, the expression of miR­370 is modulated by multiple factors. The present review summarizes the role and mechanism of miR­370 in tumors, and demonstrates its potential as a molecular marker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.

Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Characterizes the Drug-Drug Interaction Between Saxagliptin and Rifampicin in Patients With Renal Impairment.

The aim of the present study is to develop physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for saxagliptin and its active metabolite, 5-hydroxy saxagliptin, and to predict the effect of coadministration of rifampicin, a strong inducer of cytochrome P450 3A4 enzymes, on the pharmacokinetics of saxagliptin and 5-hydroxy saxagliptin in patients with renal impairment. The PBPK models of saxagliptin and 5-hydroxy saxagliptin were developed and validated in GastroPlus for healthy adults with or without rifampicin and adults with varying renal functions. Then, the effect of renal impairment combined with drug-drug interaction on saxagliptin and 5-hydroxy saxagliptin pharmacokinetics was investigated. The PBPK models successfully predicted the pharmacokinetics. For saxagliptin, the prediction suggests that rifampin greatly weakened the effect of renal impairment on reducing clearance, and the inductive effect of rifampin on parent drug metabolism seems to be increased with an increase in the degree of renal impairment severity. For patients with the same degree of renal impairment, rifampicin would have a slightly synergistic effect on the increase of 5-hydroxy saxagliptin exposure compared with dosed alone. There is an unsignificant decline for the saxagliptin total active moiety exposure values in patients with the same degree of renal impairment. It seems that patients with renal impairment are unlikely to require additional dose adjustments when coadministered with rifampicin, compared with saxagliptin alone. Our study provides a reasonable approach to explore unknown DDI potential in renal impairment.

Effect of neurotropin on Alzheimer's disease-like changes and cognitive function in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.

Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is a main mechanism of cerebrovascular disease and is associated with various cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. However, treatment of CCH in clinical practice is not ideal, but neurotropin (NTP) has been shown to have a neuroprotective effect. Therefore, this study examined the effect and possible mechanism of NTP in nerve injury caused by CCH. A rat CCH model was established by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (2VO), and rats were treated with intragastric administration of NTP (200 nu/kg/day) for 28 consecutive days. After treatment, rats were subjected to the Morris water maze and novel object recognition test. Subsequently, an ELISA was applied to detect amyloid-ß (Aß) 1-40 and Aß1-42 levels in rat hippocampal tissues, quantitative reverse transcription PCR assays were used to detect the mRNA expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Trk B, and Western blots were used to detect the protein expression levels of BACE1, tau, p-tau, and protein kinase B (Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase 3ß (GSK3ß) pathway-related proteins. The rat model of CCH was successfully established by 2VO. Behavioral tests indicated that the cognitive ability of 2VO rats was severely impaired. NTP treatment greatly ameliorated the cognitive disability, reduced Aß1-40 and Aß1-42 levels and tau phosphorylation, and upregulated BACE1, Trk B, and BDNF expression in the hippocampus of 2VO rats. Finally, we found that NTP markedly activated Akt/GSK3ß pathway activity. NTP can ameliorate cognitive disability in CCH rats possibly by reducing Aß accumulation and tau phosphorylation in the hippocampus. These effects of NTP may be related to the Akt/GSK3ß pathway activation. NTP may be a promising new drug candidate for CCH patients.

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of daptomycin dose optimization in pediatric patients with renal impairment.

Background and Objective: Daptomycin is used to treat Gram-positive infections in adults and children and its dosing varies among different age groups. We focused on the pharmacokinetics of daptomycin in children with renal impairment, which has not been evaluated. Methods: A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of daptomycin was established and validated to simulate its disposition in healthy populations and adults with renal impairment, along with a daptomycin exposure simulated in pediatric patients with renal impairment. Results: The simulated PBPK modeling results for various regimens of intravenously administered daptomycin were consistent with observed data according to the fold error below the threshold of 2. The Cmax and AUC of daptomycin did not differ significantly between children with mild-to-moderate renal impairment and healthy children. The AUC increased by an average of 1.55-fold and 1.85-fold in severe renal impairment and end-stage renal disease, respectively. The changes were more significant in younger children and could reach a more than 2-fold change. This scenario necessitates further daptomycin dose adjustments. Conclusion: Dose adjustments take into account the efficacy and safety of the drug; however, the steady-state Cmin of daptomycin may be above 24.3 mg/L in a few instances. We recommend monitoring creatine phosphokinase more than once a week when using daptomycin in children with renal impairment.

Role and mechanism of miR-211 in human cancer.

MircoRNA (miRNA), which are a group of small, and highly conserved non-coding RNA consisting of 18-25 nucleotides, can modulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level, through complementary binding to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of numerous target genes. Emerging evidence indicates that miRNAs play critical roles in tumorigenesis and progression of cancer. Among them, miR-211 has been extensively studied in multiple cancers. The expression of miR-211 significantly varies with cancer types and may be used as a potential prognostic marker for cancer. MiR-211 can regulate multiple biological processes in cancer, including proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis and drug resistance. Additionally, several factors may contribute to the dysregulation of miR-211 in cancer. Consequently, this review aims to discuss the novel findings that highlight latent value of miR-211 in the prognosis assessment and treatment of cancer.

CCL19 has potential to be a potential prognostic biomarker and a modulator of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of breast cancer: a comprehensive analysis based on TCGA database.

The development of cancer was determined by not only the intrinsic properties of cancer cells, but also the communication between cancer cells and tumor microenvironment (TME). We applied ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithms to calculate the immune/stromal component and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs) in TME of BC. The results showed that immune component in TME predicted patients' survival and associated with progression of BC. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily enriched in immune-related activities. Finally, CCL19 was acquired which shared the leading nodes in PPI network and was associated with patients' survival. High expression of CCL19 predicted better prognosis and participated in progression of BC. Genes in CCL19 up-regulated group were enriched in immune-related activities and these functions might depend on the communications between CCL19 and multiple TICs in TIME. In conclusion, CCL19 functioned as a potential prognostic biomarker and a modulator of TIME in BC through communicating with various TICs.

Development of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Pregabalin to Predict the Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients with Renal Impairment and Adjust Dosage Regimens: PBPK Model of Pregabalin in Pediatric Patients with Renal Impairment.

Pregabalin (PGB) is widely used clinically; however, its pharmacokinetics (PK) has not been studied in pediatric patients with renal impairment (RI). To design optimized PGB regimens for pediatric patients with varying degrees of RI and predict exposure to PGB, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of PGB were developed and verified, and its disposition was simulated in the healthy population and adults with RI. The simulated results from the PBPK models after single-dose and multi-dose administrations of PGB were consistent with the corresponding observed data based on the fold error values of less than 2. The area under curve ratios were 1.23 ± 0.06, 2.02 ± 0.10, 3.86 ± 0.21, and 9.92 ± 0.79 in pediatric patients with mild, moderate, severe, and end-stage RI, respectively. Based on the predictions for pediatric patients with moderate, severe, and end-stage RI, the maximum dose should not exceed 7, 3.5, and 1.4 mg/kg/day, respectively, among those weighing < 30 kg, and it should not exceed 5, 2.5, and 1 mg/kg/day, respectively, among those weighing > 30 kg. In conclusion, the developed PBPK model is a valuable tool for predicting PGB dosage for pediatric patients with RI.

Erratum: Corregendum to: Propofol regulates miR-1-3p/IGF1 axis to inhibit the proliferation and accelerates apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab047.].

Propofol regulates miR-1-3p/IGF1 axis to inhibit the proliferation and accelerates apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells.

This study aimed to clarify the mechanism of propofol on proliferation and apoptosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) cell. SW620 and HCT15 cells were exposed to different concentrations of propofol, the proliferation and apoptotic rate, were measured by MTT, colony formation and flow cytometry assays, respectively. The expressions of miR-1-3p and insulin-like growth factors 1 (IGF1) were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Western bolt was employed to quantify the protein levels of IGF1 and apoptotic proteins. The molecular interaction between miR-1-3p and IGF1 was validated using dual-luciferase reporter assay. A xenograft tumor model was established to further assess the effects of propofol on CRC in vivo. Propofol dramatically decreased the proliferation and elevated apoptotic rate of CRC cells. RT-qPCR assay demonstrated that miR-1-3p was downregulated in CRC cells, and could be strikingly increased by propofol. Importantly, miR-1-3p inhibited IGF-1 expression through interacting with its 3'-UTR region, thus inactivating AKT/mTOR signals. Gain or loss of functional study revealed that miR-1-3p downregulation remarkedly diminished the anti-tumor roles of propofol by directly inhibiting IGF1. In vivo study showed that propofol inhibited tumor growth by regulating miR-1-3p/IGF1 axis. Our data eventually elucidated that propofol suppressed CRC progression by promoting miR-1-3p which targeted IGF1. These results might provide a scientific basis for the application of propofol on the clinical surgery and the prognosis of patients with CRC.

Ceftaroline Dosage Optimized for Pediatric Patients With Renal Impairment Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling.

Ceftaroline fosamil is a fifth-generation cephalosporin approved as a treatment for adults and children with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. However, its pharmacokinetics have not been fully evaluated in children with renal impairment. This study aimed to propose proper ceftaroline dosages optimized for the renally impaired pediatric population using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. A PBPK model of ceftaroline was established and verified to simulate its disposition in the healthy population and renally impaired adults and to predict the exposure in renally impaired pediatric patients. Consistency was confirmed between simulated and observed data after intravenous administration of various ceftaroline regimens; fold errors were within the 2-fold error range. Among 6-year-old children, healthy subjects had 1.5-fold, 2-fold, and 2.6-fold lower areas under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUCs) than the moderate, severe, and end-stage renally impaired patient groups, respectively; among 1-year-old children, healthy subjects had 1.5-fold, 2.1-fold, and 2.5-fold lower AUCs than the respective renally impaired patient groups; among 1-month-old children, healthy subjects had 1.5-fold, 1.8-fold, and 2.2-fold lower AUCs than the respective renally impaired patient groups. The proposed dosage should be adjusted to 8, 6, and 5 mg/kg every 8 hours for patients aged ≥2 years to <18 years (≤33 kg) with moderate, severe, and end-stage renal impairment, respectively; 5, 4, and 3 mg/kg every 8 hours for patients aged 2 months to <2 years with moderate, severe, and end-stage renal impairment, respectively; 4, 3.5, and 2.5 mg/kg every 8 hours for patients 0 to <2 months of age with moderate, severe, and end-stage renal impairment, respectively. Furthermore, pharmacodynamic investigations demonstrated that adequate antimicrobial effects were attained at the proposed doses in 3 age groups. Hence, our PBPK model can be an effective tool to support ceftaroline dosage proposals for renally impaired pediatric patients.

Control strategies and their effects on the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 in representative countries.

COVID-19 is the most severe pandemic globally since the 1918 influenza pandemic. Effectively responding to this once-in-a-century global pandemic is a worldwide challenge that the international community needs to jointly face and solve. This study reviews and discusses the key measures taken by major countries in 2020 to fight against COVID-19, such as lockdowns, social distancing, wearing masks, hand hygiene, using Fangcang shelter hospitals, large-scale nucleic acid testing, close-contacts tracking, and pandemic information monitoring, as well as their prevention and control effects. We hope it can help improve the efficiency and effectiveness of pandemic prevention and control in future.